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Causes and pathophysiology of vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies. IBM Micromedex. Natural Medicines. Mayo Clinic Press Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic. Legal Conditions and Terms Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below.
However, if you have any of the factors described above that interfere with vitamin B12 intake or absorption, you may want to consider taking a supplement. Older people are more susceptible to vitamin B12 deficiency. As you age, your body naturally makes less stomach acid and intrinsic factor — both of which can affect the absorption of vitamin B Stomach acid is necessary to access the vitamin B12 found naturally in food , and intrinsic factor is required for its absorption.
Due to this increased risk of poor absorption, the National Academy of Medicine recommends that adults over the age of 50 meet most of their vitamin B12 needs through supplements and fortified foods 1.
Higher doses of up to 1, mcg 1 mg may be necessary for some Pregnant women have slightly higher vitamin B12 needs than the general population. Low maternal levels of this vitamin have been associated with birth defects in infants Additionally, a large systematic review showed that B12 deficiency is associated with a higher risk of premature birth and low birth weight in newborns Therefore, the RDI for vitamin B12 during pregnancy is 2.
This level can be met through diet alone or with a prenatal vitamin 1. Vitamin B12 deficiency in breastfed infants has been linked to developmental delay Additionally, B12 deficiency in infants can lead to irritability, decreased appetite, and failure to thrive For these reasons, the RDI for this vitamin for breastfeeding women is higher than that for pregnant women — namely 2. Vitamin B12 recommendations do not differ for people following a plant-based diet.
However, the RDI of 2. In a review of 40 studies on vitamin B12 in vegetarians, up to However, one study suggests that doses up to 6 mcg of vitamin B12 per day may be appropriate for vegans Though vitamin B12 is commonly taken to increase energy levels , evidence showing that B12 supplements improve energy levels in people without a deficiency is lacking. However, B12 supplements have been found to improve energy levels in those who are deficient in this nutrient One review recommended that those with vitamin B12 deficiency take 1 mg of vitamin B12 daily for a month, followed by a maintenance dose of — mcg per day Animal studies suggest that vitamin B12 deficiency has been associated with memory impairment.
In a large review, vitamin B12 supplements had no effect on depressive symptoms in the short term but may help prevent relapse over the long term Optimal dosing of vitamin B12 varies by age, lifestyle, and dietary needs.
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